Spotted hyenas are renowned for their exceptionally effective immune system. They survive most severe injuries and are immune to diseases such as canine distemper and anthrax that are deadly for other species. In August 2001, we noticed a young spotted hyena, Vimba, with severe external signs of a disease that had not previously been described in spotted hyenas. Signs included a large, unilateral swelling of the head that became localised at the mandibular angle and developed into a pronounced abscess. These signs resembled external signs of a widespread bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract in domestic horses that causes the disease termed ‘strangles’ or ‘equine distemper’.

Between September 2002 and February 2003 an epidemic spread occurred. We observed a sudden steep increase in the number of hyenas with signs of infection similar to those of Vimba (who survived). Our examinations revealed that the Crater hyenas were infected with the pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus equi ssp. ruminatorum, a subspecies of the bacterium that causes strangles in horses. We additionally discovered that not all hyenas that carried the bacterium were symptomatic, that is, expressed external signs of infection.

Where did the pathogen originate from?

Two bacterial strains — a virulent and a non-virulent strain — coexist in the hyena population. We sequenced the gene of a major virulence factor of the bacterium, the M-like-protein, isolated from tissue samples of symptomatic and non-symtomatic spotted hyenas as well as other herbivores and carnivores living in the Crater and surrounding areas. We found that the gene sequences of the strains of the bacterium isolated from hyenas that expressed signs of infection differed from the sequences of the strains isolated from non-symptomatic hyenas, suggesting the coexistence of virulent and non-virulent strains among spotted hyenas.

Non-indigenous livestock may be the source of the deadly infection. A comparison of the gene sequences of bacterial strains isolated from hyenas with those isolated from herbivores revealed other interesting results. The virulent strains isolated from symptomatic hyenas were closely related to strains isolated from imported livestock (camels) and more distantly related to isolates from non-symptomatic hyenas, African wild dogs, and prey animals (plain’s zebras and African buffaloes). These phylogenetic details suggest that the strain causing virulent infection among free-ranging spotted hyenas may have originated from non-indigenous livestock.

What impact did the outbreak have on the Crater hyena population?

The outbreak had a significant short-term impact on the spotted hyena population in the Ngorongoro Crater. The constant population growth observed during the six years preceding the outbreak was stopped and slightly declined during the following two years. During the outbreak, mortality among socially subordinate and young individuals increased and fewer juveniles survived to adulthood. As a result, fewer offspring were produced during the three years following the outbreak.

The long-term impact of the outbreak was less dramatic than expected because the number of adult females only slightly decreased during the outbreak and these females continued to produce and rear offspring at a rate similar to that before the outbreak. As a result, five years after the outbreak, the Crater hyena population had recovered and even exceeded population size from before the outbreak.

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Further information

Höner OP, Wachter B, Goller KV, Hofer H, Runyoro V, Thierer D, Fyumagwa R, Müller T, East ML (2012) The impact of a pathogenic bacterium on a social carnivore population. Journal of Animal Ecology 81: 36-46.

Speck S, Höner OP, Wachter B, Fickel J (2008) Characterization of Streptococcus equi subsp. ruminatorum isolated from spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) and plains zebras (Equus burchelli), and identification of a M-like protein (SrM) encoding gene. Veterinary Microbiology 128: 148-159.

Höner OP, Wachter B, Speck S, Wibbelt G, Ludwig A, Fyumagwa RD, Wohlsein P, Lieckfeldt D, Hofer H, East ML (2006) Severe Streptococcus infection in spotted hyenas in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Veterinary Microbiology 115: 223-228.